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Carnegie,
Andrew (1835-1919), businessman and philanthropist. Born in Dunfermline,
Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Carnegie grew up in poverty and received
little more than a primary-school education. In 1848 he emigrated
to the United States with his family, settling in Allegheny, Pennsylvania
(now in Pittsburgh), where he started work in a cotton factory. A
year later he became a messenger boy in a Pittsburgh telegraph office and
his diligence — he became one of the first persons able to read telegraph
messages by ear — led to his promotion to operator and finally to his employment
by the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 12 years with that company he introduced
the first Pullman sleeping cars and rose to become superintendent of the
Pittsburgh division. Convinced by his experience with the railroad
and in the Civil War of the coming importance of the iron and steel industries,
Carnegie resigned to form his own company, the Keystone Bridge Company,
in 1865; for several years he had a number of diverse business interests,
but from 1873 onward he concentrated on steel. Gifted with remarkable
organizational ability and great business acumen and quick to gauge the
value of such associates as Henry Clay Frick and Charles M. Schwab, he
built his steel company into a giant that, weathering the depression that
followed the panic of 1893 better than the rest, eventually dominated the
industry. In 1889, the year that he consolidated his holdings in
the Homestead Steel Works and other plants into the Carnegie Steel Company,
he published an article entitled "Wealth" — commonly called "The Gospel
of Wealth" — in the North American Review; in it he outlined his
view that it was the duty of the rich to oversee the distribution of their
surplus wealth for the betterment of civilization. It was a novel
idea at the time and the article was widely reprinted and discussed.
He adhered to his own advice and actively supported a number of philanthropies,
among them the building of a great many public libraries, endowing the
Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1900 and the Carnegie Institution of
Washington in 1902, substantially supporting a great many colleges, establishing
Carnegie Hero Funds in the United States and Great Britain in 1904, and
financing the construction of the Temple of Peace at The Hague in the Netherlands.
Carnegie sold his business to J. P. Morgan's United States Steel Company
in 1901 for $250 million, and thenceforth devoted himself entirely to philanthropy
and the promotion of peace. The Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching was established in 1905 and was followed by the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1910 and the Carnegie Corporation
of New York in 1911. In all, his philanthropies totaled some $350
million. He wrote, among other books, Triumphant Democracy,
1886; The Empire of business, 1902; and Problems
of Today, 1908. Carnegie Died on August 11, 1919, at his home
in Lenox, Massachusetts.
— WEBSTER'S
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHIES, Charles Van Doren, EDITOR, Robert McHenry, ASSOCIATE
EDITOR A Merriam-Webster, G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, Publishers, SPRINGFIELD,
MASSACHSETTS Copyright © 1975 BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO.
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