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TOCQUEVILLE,
ALEXIS CHARLES HENRI MAURICE CLEREL DE (1805-59), French political writer
and statesman, born in Verneuil, and educated in law in Paris. He
served (1830-32) as assistant magistrate of the law court at Versailles.
With the publicist Charles Auguste de Beaumont de la Bonniniere (1802-66),
he was sent abroad in 1831 by the French government to study the penal
system in the United States. They reported their findings in
The
Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France
(1833). After returning to France in 1832 Tocqueville wrote one of
the earliest and profoundest studies of American life, Democracy in
America (4 vols., 1835-40). This work deals with the legislative
and administrative systems in the United States and with the influence
of social and political institutions on the habits and manners of the people.
Tocqueville maintains that the first full development of democracy occurred
in the United States because conditions there best permitted the diffusion
of European social and political ideas. Nevertheless, he was highly
critical of certain characteristics of American democracy. For example,
he thought that public opinion tended toward tyranny and that majority
rule could be as oppressive as the rule of a despot.
As
a member (1839-48) of the Chamber of Deputies, Tocqueville advocated a
number of reforms, including the decentralization of government, and an
independent judiciary. He became vice-president of the National Assembly
in 1849 and subsequently minister of foreign affairs. After being
imprisoned for opposing the coup d' etat (1851) of Napoleon III,
Tocqueville retired from political activity.
His
other important work,
The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856),
interprets the French Revolution as the result of gradual changes in the
structure of government and in political attitudes toward equality and
freedom. This work had great influence on the later historiography
of the French Revolution. Among his other writings are Memoir,
Letters, and Remains (1861) and Recollections (1893).
Tocqueville's
major works comprise a penetrating analysis of the principal political
and social ideas of his period. His outstanding contribution was
emphasis upon the evolutionary developments underlying all changes in society.
FUNK &
WAGNALLS Standard REFERENCE ENCYCLOPEDIA
JOSEPH LAFFAN
MORSE, SC.B., LL.B., L.H.D., LL.D., Editor in Chief
Standard Reference
Works Publishing Company, Inc., New York
© 1959,
1960, 1961, 1962 and 1963 by WILFRED FUNK, INC.
From the American Rifleman,
May 1994, National Rifle Association of America, 11250 Waples Mill Road,
Fairfax, VA 22030
Robert
White was reading his morning paper at his Tacoma, Washington home when
his wife informed him there was an intruder in their basement. White,
73, got his revolver and went downstairs, where he found the housebreaker.
He knelt at White's order, but then grabbed a bar stool and threw it.
White ducked. As the assailant picked up another stool and prepared
to throw it, White fired, killing him. (The Post-Intelligencer,
Seattle, WA, 2/10/94)
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